Cycle And Motor Fuel Thermodynamics

2.1 Public Understanding of Water TurbinesWater turbine is a turbine with water as the working fluid. Water flows from a higher place to lower place. In this case the water has potential energy. In this process flow in a pipeline of potential energy gradually changes into kinetic energy. In the kinetic energy turbine, the water is converted into mechanical, where the water turn turbines.2.2 Classification and Types of Water TurbinesBasically a water turbine to differentiate into two main groups in terms of changing the momentum of the fluid works, namely:- Impulse Turbine (Pelton turbine)- Turbine reaction (Francis turbine, Kaplan and Propeller)a. Pelton TurbineTurbines are included in the impulse turbine because the flow of water coming out of the nozzle pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure entirely. It is also called the same pressure turbine. Turbine is in use for a large fall turbine. Form of turbine blade consists of two symmetrical parts are raised in order to reverse the jets of water with a good and free of side forces. Not all blades accept only some of the water jets and immediately turns depends on the position of the blade. The number of nozzles depending on water capacity, each turbine can be equipped 1-6 nozzle.The main measures of Pelton turbines:D = diameter of the blade environment is subject to the emissionD = diameter of nozzleN = rotational speed turbine wheel


b. Kaplan Turbine
       Turbine is used for turbines that fell low, according to kontruksinya turbine is divided into two Kaplan turbines when one is automatic and can be driven by turbines with rotor blades fixed. Kaplan turbine blade wheel to have a construction that can move. This turbine has a turbine house so that water flows through the axial cylindrical sheath. Kaplan turbines and parts; most diversified poroskorosital peralatanya in pairs on a line.c. Kaplan turbine tube.For electric power center with a high water fall is much smaller using the Kaplan turbine tubes, because these turbines require little place and at full load rendemennya achieve 3% better than other turbines. Characteristic of this turbine is a turbine with a generator having a horizontal axis. So the flow is almost straight-line, starting from the entrance through the turbine blades and continues to drive the suction pipe, it is this which determines the yield of the turbined. Francis turbine.These turbines use more pressure on the process when water enters the wheel path, part of the energy falls have worked in the steering vane. Changed to speeds inflows. The remaining high-energy fall in use on a road with a maximum. On the outer side of the road wheels are low pressure and high flow speed of the suction pipe. Flow velocity will decrease but the pressure will go up. So water can circulate through the channels with pressure as shown below: